The Triumph of the Congress of Vienna Essay - 987 Words

The Congress of Vienna was a series of conferences held in Vienna, from 1814-1815. In which many European heads of government met to establish long-lasting piece, preventing revolution and any other nations from becoming to powerful, on the European continent after the defeat of Napoleon. Even though many countries came together to discus an issue, â€Å"the Congress of Vienna was more successful than many other peace meetings in history† (Beck, 241). The most influential of these representatives was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich (Beck, 238). An additional great influential representative was the French foreign minister Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, who was sent behalf of the French monarchy†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The representatives in the Congress of Vienna wanted to prevent France’s aggression by surrounding France with stronger nations, restore balance of power, so no country would be a threat to others and rest ore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they head held before Napoleon’s coquets† (Beck, 239). In order to make the weak nations around France stronger, the former Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic were united to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. â€Å"Group of 39 German states were loosely joined as the newly create German confederation, dominate by Austria. Leaders of Europe wanted to weaken France, but also didn’t want to leave it powerless. If they did, the French might rebel to take revenge but if France became weaker and was broken up, another country might become so strong that it would threaten them all. France remained a major but diminished European powers† (Beck, 239). Nevertheless, not all-important decisions were made by the great powers. â€Å"Most influential of these representatives in the Congress of Vienna was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich† (Beck, 238). â€Å"At the Congress of Vienna, which convened after Napoleon’s abdication in 1814, Metternich shone brightly as the â€Å"coachman of Europe,† guiding policies and decision† (Peterson-Bennett, 632). The Austrian emperor, Francis I, who wanted aShow MoreRelatedDisadvantages Of Vienna Congress791 Words   |  4 Pages The Vienna Congress, which brought together all the major European powers of the time, led on 9 June 1815 to the signing of the final act of the Congress of Vienna, a document of one hundred and twenty-one articles written in three hundred leaflets throwing the foundations of a new order. Among the innovations agreed in Vienna were new rules governing diplomatic relations, such as the official titles given to the various categories of State representatives and the precedence of States in alphabeticalRead MoreWhat Are The Four Main Causes Of The French Revolution1175 Words   |  5 Pagesthe savior of the French republic. Against the armies of Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Directory selected Napoleon to lead a French army. He gained the success of series of extraordinary victories. Although he was inept to reiterate the triumphs in the expedition to Egypt as he had accomplished in Europe, Napoleon was continued being called hero to the people of France. 2. What kind of leader was Napoleon? Discuss at least one example of his reforms and one key military action in your responseRead MoreThe Unification Of Italy After Unification1273 Words   |  6 Pagesand all the french troops occupying Rome left to fight that war, which in return allowed the Italians to move in. Rome was made the capital of the Italy. Congress of Vienna In 1815, the Congress Of Vienna was summoned, it was made by the great powers(Austria, Russia, Prussia, Great Britain and France) who had defeated Napoleon. The Congress was chaired by Klemans Wenzel. They decided to re-distribute the conquered land, so that repl be mad. They placed Italy under the Christian rule. LeadersRead MoreThe Balance of Power and the Congress of Vienna2635 Words   |  11 PagesThe Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) No event epitomizes the state of Europe in the wake of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars as well as the Congress of Vienna held between 1814-1815. The culmination of centuries of European political tradition, the Congress was in many ways the last gasp of monarchy in Europe, as the royal houses tried to restore the Europe they once knew and ensure that their way of politics and society would be sustained even in the face of the radical wave ofRead MoreThe Concert of Europe Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesThe Concert of Europe The Congress System, which took the form of a series of congresses and diplomatic meetings held between 1818 and 1822, can be regarded as a practical expression of the rather general concept of the Concert of Europe. The Concert of Europe was an attempt to regularize the conflicting ambitions of the Great Powers in the interests of Europe as a whole. As such, its effectiveness was dependant on the willingness of all five Great Powers to show moderationRead MoreKlemens Von Metternich2477 Words   |  10 PagesKLEMENS VON METTERNICH Statesman; born at Coblenz, 15 May, 1773; died at Vienna, 11 June, 1859; son of Count Georg, Austrian envoy of the Court of Vienna at Coblenz, and Maria Beatrix, nà ©e Countess von Kageneck. He studied philosophy at the University of Strasburg, and law and diplomacy at Mainz. A journey to England completed his education. Metternich began his public career in 1801 as Austrian ambassador to the Court of Dresden. Though he had for several years prepared himself for a diplomaticRead MoreThe Social and Political Influences Leading up to the First World War1035 Words   |  5 Pagesof blood-and-iron ,which subsequently unified over 39 tribal duchies of varying sizes, into a single cohesive, culturally unified nation. This is the first time Germany had been completely unified, the change, radical even compared to the Congress of Vienna(1814-15) of which the result was the number of states decreasing from 240 to 39. In a further attempt to strengthen the bond holding Germany together, Bismarck fought three calculated wars, a joint Austro-Prussian invasion of Schleswig-Holstein(1864)Read MoreThe Role of Bismarck in Bringing About the Unification of Germany1552 Words   |  7 P agesking Wilhelm did not attend the congress of Princes in August 1863. The intention of this congress was to discuss the reform of the German Confederation, and Bismarck felt that any decision that the Princes came to would benefit Austria, not Prussia. However, without the attendance of King Wilhelm, Bismarck knew that Austria?s plans had no chance of going ahead. This was Bismarck?s first role in the unification of Germany. The congress of Princes represented Austria?sRead MoreJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy Essay2027 Words   |  9 Pages The boat was demolished and the Japanese thought that all of the men had been killed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;All of the men were forced to swim to Plum Pudding Island , three and one half miles away, with Kennedy leading them. After his triumph he was promoted to Full Lieutenant and was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for saving his crew. He also received a Purple Heart for the severe back injury he suffered from the collision. After that, he took command of another PT boat and tookRead MoreNapoleon and the Enlightenment Essay2143 Words   |  9 Pagesfamily of radicals. When Napoleon was nine, his father sent him to a French military government school. He attended Brienne in Paris. While there, the French students teased him. Because of this, Napoleon started having dreams of personal glory and triumph. In 1784 to 1785, Napoleon attended Ecole, Militaire in Paris. That was the place where he received his military training. He studied to be an artilleryman and an officer. He finished his training and joined the French army when he was 16 years old

Evaluation of the Competitive Advantage That Can Be Gained...

Information technology is an essential part of business processes that need technical competence beyond the scope of current management. Third party to manage IT functions for the company. Outsourcing contract is part of the concept of a business process to a third party who has specific skills and services. It allows organizations to focus on their efficiency and manage resources efficiently. When considering the economics of the industry and emerging industries such as IT, business process outsourcing imposes huge market potential. Competitive advantages are an advantage that a firm has over its competitors, allowing it to generate sales or margins larger or retain more customers than its competition. There are many competitive†¦show more content†¦2.2 Increase productivity and efficiency Outsourcing is very advantageous. In addition to reducing costs, it also helps firms and companies to improve the efficiency of business operations. The true line between business goals and deliverables in outsourcing. It also can increase productivity and efficiency. Outsourcing provider with expertise and experience can actually help streamline business processes and contribute to the line. Outsourcers can also benefit from third parties to improve the level of service consistently. This will improve the efficiency and can lead to customer satisfaction and lead the company better prepared for the challenges of specialized market. 2.3 More employees have skills and expertise Outsourcing in information technology vendors looking to hire qualified and certified to perform certain core functions. No need to be an expert in a particular field in which it can rely on the expert services of an outside company. The company may not know what to do, if the firm hires someone to be on staff full time, but who may not have knowledge and experience in this field to do the job. Outsourcing IT work teams focused on problem solving and resolving network problems and errors. Rather than maintaining a small IT staff, outsourcing unit’s consistently larger staff to design and implement corporate solutions to solve everyday problems. 2.4 focus on core competencies. Some companies are finding that in order to remain competitive in theirShow MoreRelatedOutsourcing SWOT Analysis: U.S Industry2925 Words   |  12 PagesPICMET 2006 Proceedings, 9-13 July, Istanbul, Turkey (c) 2006 PICMET Outsourcing SWOT Analysis for Some US Industry Md B. Sarderl K.J. Rogersi, Edmund Prater2 Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas - 76019, USA 2Department of Information Systems Management Science, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas - 76019, USA Abstract--Outsourcing is proven as a good idea for many firms that need to reduce operating costs and improveRead MoreGaining Competitive Advantage Through Outsourcing8392 Words   |  34 PagesGaining competitive advantage through outsourcing Authors: Sarah Tagliapietra Peter Platan Ng Seow Li Ralph Schneider Executive Summary Today s escalating, competitive and demanding environment has forced players in the marketplace to be more efficient, to emphasize on a leaner organization and continuously innovate new procedures to keep ahead of competitors. Adding final consumer value to the product or service in the form of lower prices, quality and better service has become an essentialRead MoreZara Case Study : The Resource Based View1588 Words   |  7 Pagesable to provide a sustainable competitive advantage for Zara. Finally, Zara’s dynamic capabilities will be discussed to state how Zara used the resources based on their organizational culture. Intangible Resources The Global Manufacture Chain: The global manufacture chain is helpful to reduce the cost because the apparel production is highly labour-intensive (Z02). For example, a jacket was produced among many countries to make a good use of the price advantages of different areas. The valueRead MoreEssay on Strategic Analysis of Adidas Ag6685 Words   |  27 Pages| | Pages | â…  . | Introduction | 3 | â… ¡. | Suitability Evaluation | | | 1. Strategic Position | 3 | | 1.1 Competitive characteristic | 3 | | 1.11 Five Forces Framework | 3 | | 1.2 Strategic capabilities | 5 | | 1.21 Dynamic Capabilities | 5 | | 1.22 VRIN | 5 | | 1.3 Vertical Integration | 6 | | 2. Strategic options | 7 | | 2.1 Market development | 7 | | 2.11 Market Driver | 7 | | 2.12 Competitive drivers | 8 | | 2.13 Cost drivers | 8 | | 2.2 ProductRead MoreOutline Of A Business Information System3709 Words   |  15 Pagesleading retailers home improvement goods in Australia and New zealand.This report highlights the competitive advantage and the focus of this organisation by executing certain business strategies and re-engineering its systems.  COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Competitive Advantage may be defined as the benefit to company or organisation due to its products, good quality or low prices which distinguishes the company or organisation in Market and results in Increase sale and Good reputation. In Today’s timeRead MoreContemporary Issues in Financial Management3088 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Contemporary Issues in Financial Management Table of Contents Introduction: 3 Contemporary financial management issues: 3 Mergers and acquisitions: 4 Leveraged buyout: 4 Hostile Takeover: 5 Global outsourcing: 5 Corporate governance: 5 Selected contemporary issue: 6 Company Background: 7 Financial strategy: 8 Impacts of acquisition on ethical issues: 9 Financial situation prior to acquisition: 10 Financial situation after the acquisition: 10 Successful management of Acquisition:Read MoreIndustry Analysis of Nucleon, Inc.4932 Words   |  20 Pagesââ€" ª Key Issues and Problems III. Strategy Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 ââ€" ª Industry Analysis – Porter’s 5 Forces ââ€" ª Market Positioning Graph (Figure 1) ââ€" ª Competitor Analysis – VRIO (Table 1) IV. Strategic Option Development†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 ââ€" ª Option A ââ€" ª Option B ââ€" ª Option C o Option C Flowchart (Figure 2) V. Strategic Option Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Read MoreDesigning Business Description For A Hypothetical Manufacturing Company Named Precision1145 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The intent of this paper is to develop business description for a hypothetical manufacturing company named Precision Plus Manufacturing. The business description will include the type of business, vision and mission statements, the structure and form of management, and the how the company will be ran. Type of Business Precision Plus Manufacturing (PPM) is a start-up manufacturing company that will specialize in high precision, low volume, prototype and production components for larger manufacturingRead MoreThe Case Of Xyz Electronics Company1686 Words   |  7 PagesElectronics Company to help us answer these questions especially it was a good experience for such an international big company what they had been through in terms of change revolution. Expectations towards the report The purpose of this report is to understand what a big successful firm should apply and do in a well fast developed world to facelift and revamp itself over time and to overcome any situation. Strategic planning, innovation managing change are the keys most of the companies in the commercialRead MoreRole of Strategic Training and Development in Organizational Success3362 Words   |  14 Pagesorganizational business goals and objectives . Key business challenges require that companies thoughtfully evaluate their market position and determine the talent, skills and knowledge to be successful. While the overall responsibility for training and development usually falls under the human resources department, the reporting relationship between HR and the training function varies from company to company. Why Organizations should focus on continuous Learning and job training? Rapid changes

Risk Assessment Safe Systesm Of Work Free Essays

Whitelee Wind Farm is a Scottish Power facilities situated on Eaglesham Moor, some 17 miles from Glasgow city centre. This is the largest wind farm in Europe boasting 140 wind turbines. Scottish Power have introduce a guided tour of this site, where visitors are shown the turbines and the many ponds that a spread throughout the site. We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Assessment Safe Systesm Of Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the water from the ponds is used to supply the surrounding area with drinking water. Scottish Water who previously owned the moor stipulated that pollution of the water course was not acceptable, and if Scottish Power were to introduce a tour then a pollution free method of transport was required. Scottish power purchased one of three electric buses which were built for Strathclyde Public Transport (SPT) by Smiths Electric Vehicles. SPT never made full use of these buses. The bus used on the Whitelee site is powered by 54 lead acid gel batteries, arranged in two parallel banks of 27. These batteries are located within the bus chassis. Mechanically the bus is a standard design, with the typical front wishbone and rear trailing arm suspension. The braking system is air over hydraulic, incorporating an air activated spring loaded fail safe parking brake. It is the power-train that is powered by the lead acid gel batteries and the ancillary systems are powered by two 12V heavy duty commercial vehicle batteries which connected in series will give the required 24V to power the ancillary systems, Table 1 shows the power requirements and consumption rates of these components. Risk Assessment The following pages incorporate a hazard checklist, risk assessment and safe systems of work for the use of the bus at the Whitelee facility. The hazard checklist was completed to form a qualitative risk assessment highlighting the where and why an incident was likely to occur. The information gathered from the checklist was then used to compile the risk assessment. The risks were classified according the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of the possible injury. The risks were scored from 1 to 25, where 1 shows there is no inherent risk involved in the task, and 25 shows this task to be highly dangerous and could result in fatal or debilitating injury. The risk register has a copy of the scoring mechanism at the bottom of the page. From this a Safe System of Work was complied to sever as an aid memoir. This highlight the salient points of the risk register to ensure risk of injury is kept to a minimum. Safe System of Work In compiling any Safe System of Work, the following steps give a good example of what points need to be reviewed. * The task o What is the work being carried out o What specialist tools are used o Who will do the task * Hazards associated with the task o From tooling o From plant and other equipment o From substances * Risk Assessment o Assess risks arising from the task * Define a safe method of work o Break task down into individual parts o Specify safe method o Produce documented work instructions * Implementation operation o Ensure members of staff carrying out the task are adequately trained o Record training o Carryout regular checks and re-assess as appropriate In the case of the bus, I have identified two different tasks, the first being the daily maintenance, the other being the actually driving of the bus on the tour. The hazards associated with the tasks are dependent on which task is being carried out. The following pages are exemplar Safe Systems of Work for the daily maintenance of the bus and for driving the bus on a tour. How to cite Risk Assessment Safe Systesm Of Work, Papers

Cebu Literature free essay sample

Cebuano literature refers to the literary works written in Cebuano, a language widely spoken in the southern Philippines. The term is most often extended to cover the oral literary forms in both indigenous and colonial Philippines. While the majority of Cebuano writers are from the Visayas and Mindanao region, the most recognized Filipino literary outlet for them, including the Bisaya Magasin, is based in Makati city in Manila, while there is also a lively Cebuano community of writers in the language which is based outside the country. The term Cebuano literature, therefore, encompasses not only those Visayas and Mindanao-based writers writing in Cebuano, but all written output in Cebuano, wherever its source. History Cebuano literature, as much as most literature of the Philippines, started with fables and legends of the early people in the Philippines and colonial period, right down to the Mexican (Viceroyalty of New Spain) and Spanish influences. Although existence of a pre-hispanic writing system in Luzon is attested, there is proof that baybayin was widespread in the Visayas. Most of the literature produced during that period was oral. They were documented by the Spanish Jesuit Fr. Ignatio Francisco Alzinal. During the Spanish colonial period, the religious theme was predominant. Novenas and gozos, most notably the Bato Balani for the Santo Nino. The first written Cebuano literature is Maming, by Vicente Sotto, The Father of Cebuano Literature. The story was published in the first issue (July 16, 1900) of his Ang Suga. Two years later Sotto wrote, directed, and produced the first Cebuano play, Elena. It was first performed at the Teatro Junquera (in what is now Cebu City) on May 18, 1902. The play established Sottos reputation as a writer. The dedication of the play by the playwright reads, To My Motherland, that you may have remembrance of the glorious Revolution that redeemed you from enslavement. I dedicate this humble play to you. Vicente Sotto attacked the decadent forms of linambay in his newspaper Ang Suga. He was challenged by a friend to write his own play as he was always attacking the linambay form. Sotto wrote the Cebuano Ang Paghigugma sa Yutang Nataohan (Love of the Native Land) as a response. The play was successful; Sotto organized the Compania de Aficionados Filipinos. Within the year, two more plays were written by Sotto: Elena, which deals of a girls love for an insurrecto; and Aurora, which deals with a scandal involving the priests and nuns of the Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion. Realism in Cebuano theater was stretched too much however; even Sotto himself was a victim of the movement he started, when prior to his running for mayor in 1907, a play entitled Ang Taban (1906, by Teodulfo V. Ylaya) was released. The play dealt with a kidnap allegation involving Sotto. During the American period, Ang Suga became the medium for publication of Cebuano writers. A community of writers slowly grow, to include the names of Florentino Rallos, Filomeno Veloso, Marcial Velez, Timoteo Castro, Segundo Cinco, Vicente Ranudo, Dionisio Jakosalem, Selestino Rodriguez, Filomeno Roble, Juan Villagonzalo, Leoncio Avila and Filemon Sotto. Most of these people were recognized for their achievements by the generation right after them, as evidenced by the use of their names for major streets in Cebu City, but their role in the furtherance of Cebuano culture is lost to subsequent generations. ) Juan Villagonzalo was the first to write a Cebuano novel. Four typical novels on the love theme written by popular writers during the American period would represent the pre-war writers subconscious but collective efforts in creating a common core of meanings and values in the face of new American cultur e. These are Felicitas by Uldarico Alviola in 1912, Mahinuklugong Paglubong Kang Alicia (The Sad Burial of Alicia) by Vicente Garces in 1924, Apdo sa Kagul-anan (Bitterness of Sorrow) by Angel Enemecio in 1928-29, and Ang Tinagoan (The Secret) by Vicente Rama in 1933-34. While Felicitas and Paglubong assert the value of marital fidelity and Apdo that of feminine chastity, Tinagoan challenges the emergent value that tolerates divorce. Such novels were seen as fictionalized renditions of their writers stand or traditions and practices which were subjected to debate in the school stage and within the pages of periodicals. The pre-war period in the Philippines is sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of Vernacular Literature, with the 1930s marking a boundary between two kinds of popular writing: the predominantly propagandistic and the more commercialized escapist literature that proliferated since the Commonwealth period. In the year 1930, Bisaya Magasin started publishing in Cebuano. In 1936 Cebuano writers started publishing anthologies; readers engaged in amateur literary criticism; and complaints of plagiarism livened up the weekly news. Periodicals that featured creative writing mushroomed, although most of these were short-lived. The generally considered first feminist Cebuano novel, Lourdes by Gardeopatra G. Quijano was serialized in the period May 26 to September 23, 1939 in Bag-ong Kusog (literary New Force), the most popular pre-war periodical. It has been predicted by no less than the late novelist and Philippine National Artist for Literature N. V. M. Gonzalez that Philippine literature in English will die, leaving the regional literature (Ilokano, Waray, etc. ). In the case of Cebuano literature, this has been the case. Some of the prominent writers and poets in the Visayas and Mindanao who used to write in English have shifted to Cebuano. Among them are Davao-based Macario Tiu, Don Pag-usara, and Satur Apoyon, and Cebu-based Ernesto Lariosa (a Focus Philippines Poetry Awardee in 1975) and Rene Amper (a two-time Palanca awardee for English poetry. These giants of Cebuano literature are now regularly contributing to Bisaya Magasin; their shift to Cebuano writing has influenced young Cebu and Mindanao-based writers in English to follow suit (among them are Michael Obenieta, Gerard Pareja, Adonis Durado, Januar Yap, Jeneen Garcia, Marvi Gil, Delora Sales, Cora Almerino and Raul Moldez). In 1991, Cebuano poet Ernesto Lariosa received a grant from the Cultural Center of the Philippines. He used the grant to introduce the 4-s in Cebuano poetry: social sense, sound and story. The language he used was slack, devoid of strong metaphors. He used the language of the home and of the streets. Writer-scholar Dr. Erlinda Alburo, director of the Cebuano Studies Center of the University of San Carlos noted in a forum sponsored by the universitys theater guild in 2003 that the young writers (those given above) have given a new voice to Cebuano fiction. They have introduced modern writing styles, experimented with the Cebuano language and explored themes which have never been elaborated before by their predecessors. There are now emerging number of publications featuring fiction and poetry in Cebuano. The ownership of the de-facto literary journal, Bisaya Magasin, was transferred from the Chinese-owned Liwayway Publishing, Inc. to Napoleon Ramas Manila Bulletin Publishing in 2003, ushering a change in layout, acceptance policies and an increase in contributors fees. Aside from the reinvigoration of Bisaya Magasin, Cebu-based publishing houses have also started tabloids in the language (Banat News of Freeman Publications and SunStar SuperBalita of SunStar Publications). These tabloids have bigger circulation than their English counterparts. The U. P. National Writers Workshop every October and the Iligan National Writers Workshop every summer have reserved slots for Cebuano writers. In every edition of these workshops, there are Cebuano works that are being dissected or discussed by the panelists. In 1998, the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature opened the Cebuano literature category. The Visayas is one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines, along with Mindanao and Luzon. It consists of several islands, primarily surrounding the Visayan Sea. Its population are referred to as the Visayans. The major islands of the Visayas are Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar. [3] The region may also include the islands of Romblon and Masbate, whose population identify as Visayan. History The early people in the Visayas region were Austronesians and Negritos who migrated to the islands about 6,000 to 30,000 years ago. These early settlers were animist tribal groups. In the 12th century, settlers from the collapsing empires of Srivijaya, Majapahit and Brunei, led by the chieftain Datu Puti and his tribes, settled in the island of Panay and its surrounding islands. By the 14th century, Arab traders and their followers, venturing into the Malay Archipelago, converted some of these tribal groups into Muslims. These tribes practiced a mixture of Islam and Animism beliefs. There is also some evidence of trade among other Asian people. The Visayans were thought to have kept close diplomatic relations with Malaysia and Indonesian kingdoms since the tribal groups of Cebu were able to converse with Enrique of Malacca using the Malay language when the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521. After the Magellan expedition, King Philip II of Spain sent Ruy Lopez de Villalobos and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1543 and 1565 and claimed the islands for Spain. The Visayas region and many tribes began converting to Christianity and adopting western culture. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the effects of colonization on various ethnic groups soon turned sour and revolutions such as those of Francisco Dagohoy began to emerge. During the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War between 1896 to 1913, the island of Negros and other neighboring islands initiated their revolution. After gaining Philippine independence from colonial rule following World War II in 1946, the Visayas region established its community and re-formed its government, producing several notable presidents coming from the Visayas region. In 2005, Palawan Island was transferred to Region VI (Western Visayas) by Executive Order 429. [4] However this planned reorganization was held in abeyance. [2] Hence, Palawan currently remains (as of May 2007) part of Region IV-B. Culture Legends Historical documents written in 1907 by Visayan historian Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro in his book Maragtas tell the story of the ten chiefs (Datus) who escaped from the tyranny of Datu Makatunaw from Borneo and came to the islands of Panay. The chiefs and followers were said to be the ancestors of the Visayan people. The documents were accepted by Filipino historians and found their way into the history of the Philippines. As a result, the arrival of Bornean tribal groups in the Visayas is celebrated in the festivals of the Ati-Atihan in Kalibo, Aklan and Binirayan in San Jose, Antique. Foreign historians such as William Scott conclusively proved the book to be a Visayan folk tradition. [5] Panay boasts of the Hinilawod as its oldest and longest epic. Hypotheses A contemporary theory based on a study of genetic markers in present-day populations that Austronesian people from Taiwan populated the region of Luzon and headed south to the Visayas, Borneo, Indonesia, then to Pacific islands and to the east of the Indian Ocean. [6] The study, though, may not explain inter-island migrations, which are also possible, such as the Tagalog migration to Luzon. According to Visayan folk traditions, the Visayas were populated by Malays migrating from Borneo to Mindanao and to the Visayas, while other Malays crossed to Palawan through Sabah. Other Malays were suggested to have crossed from Samar island to the Bicol region in Luzon. The theory suggests that those ancient tribal groups who passed through Palawan may have migrated to what is now the island of Luzon. A supplementary theory was that at that period, the Malay people were moving north from Mindanao to the Visayas and to Luzon. Various groups of Europeans and Chinese also integrated with the native population during that period.