Globalization essays

Globalization expositions Ive never really assumed that globalization to be the sure piece of my life. Likely, the explanation is that when I was brought into the world this procedure has been as of now extending far and wide, so I just never had another life condition aside from life inside perpetual globalization. Then again, if globalization ought to be characterized as the shared entrance of societies, customs, conventions, etc, I despite everything cannot see it. Truly, business correspondences between nations are clearly getting more tight because of current innovations, web and openings it gives (video meetings, for instance). In any case, separate nations dont appear to share its social riches anxiously, and I truly question they ever will. There is by the by one nation, which can be known as the lead of globalization (in any case this term is characterized) that is US. In any case, as I would see it, in spite of the fact that US got various extremely extraordinary social fortunes (particularly in regards to writing), however these are not primaries for them to impart to the rest world. Scarcely any Japanese adolescents would know who Edgar Allan Poe is, yet they will be surely up on the closest McDonalds. That s in light of the fact that being the most extravagant nation US have a capacity to spread American mass culture and American lifestyle, and that is the main genuine globalization I can directly watch. Be that as it may, various nations can stand this intrusion to a variable degree. Lets accept China for instance essentially on the grounds that Ive been to China so I can remain moderately fair-minded in this field. In spite of the fact that youll discover a great deal of McDonalds and western-style designed shops and stores on your way through China, however that is not the point. Youll never see barbarous Hollywood blockbusters as on in films, no modest wallets on shelves. Simultaneously China is only inverse to be a separated threatening nation. For example, China has ... <! Globalization expositions Globalization, the way toward coordinating different pieces of the world, has numerous supporters and numerous who contradict it. Gatherings have been created to help other, more unfortunate nations and districts to recapture quality and bring them up to the current remaining of the cutting edge world. The supporters, for example, the O.E.C.D. who created seven objectives to accomplish for the world, are only one of many. They feel that these less fortunate nations are needing assistance from the more, wealthy locales of the world. The improvement of materials and innovation is critical to the progression of these nations. Raising the instruction level, killing sexual orientation disparities, and governmental policy regarding minorities in society are only a portion of the significant focuses that these gatherings feel should be accomplished. They accept that these angles can prompt the globalization of the world, and update more unfortunate nations to a progressively current, modern ized status. Obviously, there are a portion of the individuals who restrict such developments. Certain elitists would prefer not to see less fortunate nations progressing nicely. They are the ones who misuse these nations for their modest work and supplies. Known as imperialism, these gatherings need to keep these nations in a subordinate situation so as to make themselves more extravagant for less. Imperialism is a typical issue today; utilizing more unfortunate countries to create their products or get supplies at a modest cost. The individuals who contradict globalization accept that it will demolish their stranglehold on these nations and make an organization among rich and poor, of which they don't need. These two gatherings, who restrict and bolster globalization, conflict over this subject; one needs to control the helpless nations and locales while different needs to help them in the advancement of modernization. One thing is without a doubt; the advancement of improvement will never stop and along these lines must get recognized all through the world. ... <! Globalization articles What is the Globalization? Until the mid-eighties the world was isolated in two squares; one entrepreneur, with prevalence of the private activity and the market like controller of merchandise and ventures. The other designated the communist, in light of the monetary planing, the job of the state as industrialist and controller of the flexibly and requests. The fall of the communist model from the extraordinary rivalry, mutually with the finish of the virus war, shows the start of another time of changes and overall re-foundations that have been designated globalization. Mc Luhan referenced to us that The World has become Global Village in which the people have not changed remotely yet they can impart in seconds to the most far off spots of the planet, the item that is devoured can be financed by a nation, planned and modified in other and made by a third, conveyed from a fourth nation and sold in all the urban areas of the Earth. The frameworks stream everywhere throughout the mainlands. The terms Distance and Difference are changing considerably in this procedure. Along these lines, the fringes are being changed into cell dividers. Mc Luhan was first in utilizing the word globalization, he was the theoretician of data; in the Sixties he clarified, that the advances in the gadgets and the correspondences would take to the world to make a worldwide town where the realities would be known by all the occupants of the globe. There is a wide discussion with the word Globalization. Many continue that the term isn't fitting since it would assume an overall impartial marvel, in other words, where all the nations advantage the equivalent. All things considered, what we are inhabiting the second exhibits that the imbalance between nations, locales and squares has expanded over the most recent twenty years, accordingly this thought would leave aside the political, social, geographic, social and ethnic factors, own ... <! Globalization papers Globalization and its Discontents by Joseph Stiglitz exposes a wide range of contentions about the manner in which globalization is being dealt with by various government offices particularly the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. It is Stiglitz contention that globalization is neglecting to help huge numbers of the nations who should be profiting by globalization and this new influx of free enterprise. Stiglitz contends that the IMF is at fault for huge numbers of globalizations weaknesses. He accepts this is on the grounds that the IMF needs key data that is expected to settle on the choices they need to make, and in this way there financial arrangements are defective and neglect to help the nations who need the most assistance. Rather IMF approaches have really been demonstrated to hurt all the more then they help creating countries and advantage the more extravagant economies of the world. Stiglitz features numerous strategies that are significantly imperfect includ ing Trade advancement, high loan costs, privatization, changing capital markets and monetary gravity. Every one of these approaches are framed based on belief system rather than great monetary investigation Stiglitz contends. The IMF utilizes a cutout way to deal with take care of the issues of creating countries, which throughout the years has been demonstrated to fall flat. Furthermore, by pushing high loan costs on these creating nations it makes it that a lot harder for them to do well with the cash obtained. Regularly nations never observe the advantage of cash loaned by the IMF, and wind up changing there approaches to fit IMF principles and make the ways for progressively outside items. They at that point end up in extraordinary measures of obligation to credit loan specialists. More terrible then awful approaches stiglitz contends that the IMF frequently shows a darker side, attempting to help the premiums of loan bosses, and of the rich financial specialists and elites. This is miserable thinking about that globalization should carry would like to the laborers and average workers of the world. Stig ... <! Globalization expositions Has Globalization gone excessively far? Many accept that the new worldwide economy produces a race to the base in labor, financial, and social guidelines. Globalization is the procedure by which occasions in removed spots influence individuals' lives and their chances. Exchange and account are among the most impressive powers transmitting information and culture. This trade of information and culture has an a lot greater impact on how individuals live their lives than universal exchange or money at any point thought. East Asia has picked up the most from globalization, and a lot of impacts on Latin America seems positive. Sub-Saharan Africa shows little advantage right now. The vast majority of the outright destitution decrease related with globalization is probably going to happen in East, South and South East Asia, where near 70 percent of the world's total neediness is concentrated. The economies experiencing significant change of Central and Eastern Europe and of the previous Soviet Union are likewise faced with the difficulties and openings related with globalization. The move towards more prominent reliance on business sectors on the sum total of what mainlands has been so quick thus solid as to raise concerns. Nations in beginning times of improvement may have uncommon necessities to help give framework, present day instruction and human services. Globalization has likewise produced tremendous social issues. The world is presently addressing an overwhelming cost for overlooking significant parts of globalization. Globalization, regardless, gives off an impression of being an irreversible pattern which influences all nations. The UN has assumed a vital job in building a universal accord on activity for advancement. The Secretary-General Kofi Annan battles that with every one of its issues, globalization can be a constructive power for all the world's kin. Starting in 1960, the General Assembly has helped define needs and objectives through a progression of 10-year International Development Strategies. ... <! Globalization expositions These days, the world is in the inclination of strolling in sync with globalization. In this manner, it is showing its benefits and negative marks. One of the faults of the globalization, illicit migration of needy individuals to the progressed

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Abortion and Writing Professor Hyde Essay Example for Free

Premature birth and Writing Professor Hyde Essay Specialized and Business WritingProfessor Hyde The Advantages of Abortion? For a long time, premature births have been performed thus has the contention over fetus removal. Today, I have chosen to expound on the benefits of having a premature birth. Some may contend that there are no favorable circumstances to having a fetus removal, however that’s what makes this subject such an easy to refute one. Premature births have been performed since the 1800’s. Not until the scandalous choice of Roe v. Swim that premature births became legitimate clinical methodology. It was additionally the year the United States Supreme Court perceived premature births as a major aspect of women’s social equality. To the normal individual whether male or female, premature birth ought to be illegal, however I don't think so. Premature birth gives couples the alternative to decide not to carry babies with serious and hazardous ailments to full term. Prematurely ended babies add to clinical science through undifferentiated organism look into that fix maladies and re-develop lost or harmed appendages. It’s practically like giving organs of the expire to somebody alive in desperate need. In instances of assault or inbreeding, constraining a lady who was made pregnant by the brutal demonstration would make further mental damage the person in question. No youngster ought to be naturally introduced to this world undesirable. Insights show that undesirable youngsters are brought up in a home with no adoration or management. They become grown-ups who perpetrate wrongdoing and are condemned to jail. Another explanation ladies have premature births is they don’t have the budgetary assets expected to help a kid. Most of the populace has Medicaid as medical coverage inclusion so end of pregnancy can be free or minimal effort. On the off chance that they choose to keep the infant and raise it, the expense to citizens could be in the a huge number of dollars. I decided to title my paper â€Å"The Advantages of Abortions† on the grounds that your life doesn’t need to stop since you decided to end your pregnancy. Ladies shouldn’t feel embarrassed or humiliated in light of the fact that they picked an unexpected choice in comparison to most. A spontaneous pregnancy might be a weight now, however years from now it might turn into a wonder or bliss since you got an opportunity to develop and develop as an individual. Before you can bring up a kid you have to complete the process of raising yourself first.

Infinite Surds free essay sample

The reason for my examination is to locate the general explanation that speaks to all estimations of k in an unbounded surd for which the articulation is a whole number. I had the option to accomplish this objective through the way toward experiencing different limitless surds and attempting to discover a connection between each arrangement. In the first place phases of my examination I went over the grouping Subsequent to taking a gander at the diagram I have arrived at the resolution that as you keep proceeding with terms with the arrangement the regard between each term starts to diminish. In the wake of taking a gander at the chart I started to see that after the fourth term the diagram quit rising and become consistent with the a qualities. So you can see that the diagram is gradually approach a level asymptote. Additionally in the wake of considering the estimation of a †an+1 I likewise arrived at the resolution that the contrast between every continue diminishing and if I somehow managed to take a gander at terms more noteworthy than 10, the distinction between each term would in the long run become non-existent. We will compose a custom exposition test on Vast Surds or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Accordingly, I have reached the resolution that the specific incentive for this unbounded surd must associate with 1. 618 The specific estimation of the limitless surd can be demonstrated by utilizing the quadratic equation by making the boundless surd equivalent x. X=1+1+1 †¦. x2=1+1+12 x2=1+x x2-x-1=0 Now that I have concocted a quadratic condition I can utilize the quadratic recipe to discover the estimation of x which will rise to likewise approach the specific estimation of the unbounded surd. Likewise since the succession is a square root and, the diagram shows no proof of a root esteem I can ignore the negative response to the boundless surd. =-bâ ±b2-4ac2a

Qnt 351 Data Collection Essay Example

Qnt 351 Data Collection Essay The motivation behind the Learning Team task is familiarize groups with the exploration study embraced, reason for the investigation, look into question, etc. The group task is to finished the first step in quite a while investigation in the accompanying structure: 1. Depict the issue, reason, investigate questions, and speculations 2. Assess of the instrument utilized for information assortment 3. Depict and assess how the information was gathered 4. Code the information and assess the technique utilized . Clean the information by wiping out the information input mistakes made 6. Make determinations about propriety of information to meet the reason for the examination Resources Required Data gathered from RES/351 University of Phoenix Material: Ballard Integrated Managed Services, Inc, Part 1. Evaluating Guide Content70 Percent| Points Available65| Points EarnedX/65| Additional Comments:| * All key components of the task are canvassed in a considerable manner. * Presents the picked circumstance as an overviewâ€problem, reason, investigate questions, and speculations. Portrays the instrument utilized for information assortment. * Describes how the information is gathered. * Describes how the information is coded and assesses the system utilized. * Cleans the information by dispensing with the information input blunders made. * Draws decisions about suitability of the information to meet the motivation behind examination. * Includes a 5-to 7-slide Microsoftâ ® PowerPoint ® presentation| | 62/65|  You have the entirety of the necessary data and the principle business issues/concerns are identified with turn over, high non-attendance, resolve, and discontent of the workforce. In a 5-7 slides introduction added to the last week’s introduction as a presentation outline, what might the grouping of slides be and what page title to each slide would you give? This ought to be the structure of the paper. The issue explanation needs a different slide and one heading ought to be committed to the issues and concerns. In rundown, you need a diagram or chapter by chapter guide and headings. Another basic reasoning issue is how might you have directed the overview to guarantee a higher level of reactions rather than 17%.? Association/Development15 Percent| Points Available15| Points Earned13/15| Additional Comments:| * The paper is close to 700 to 1,050 words long. * Paragraph advances are available, intelligent, and keep up the stream all through the paper. * The tone is fitting to the substance and task. * Sentences are finished, clear, and compact. * Sentences are very much developed, solid, and changed. * Sentence advances are available and keep up the prog ression of thought. |  The paper is elegantly composed and sentences are clear. We will compose a custom exposition test on Qnt 351 Data Collection explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Qnt 351 Data Collection explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Qnt 351 Data Collection explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A decent structure with presentation (which you have) and decisions will make it an extraordinary paper. The progression of paper is influenced by absence of structure. | Mechanics 10 Percent| Points Available10| Points Earned8/10| Additional Comments:| * The paperâ€including tables and charts, headings, cover sheet, and reference pageâ€is steady with APA arranging rules and meets course-level necessities. * Intellectual property is perceived with in-content references and a reference page. * Rules of language, utilization, and accentuation are followed. * Spelling is right. |  Headings are missing and not reliable with APA rules. | Total Available| Total Earned| | 90| 83/90|  | Data Collection Ballard Integrated Managed Services (BIMS) is an across the nation administration organization that gives housekeeping and foodservice backing to foundations over the United States. One division oversaw by Barbara Tucker benefits the Douglas Medical Center and has been one of the bes t areas. As of late this area has been encountering a higher pace of turnover causing worry among overseeing staff about its causes just as its potential arrangements. Since the majority of these occupations are low-aptitude in nature, substitution of these workers has been simple; anyway it has realized an expanded expense, and uncovers a more profound issue inside organization resolve. To get the explanation for the brought down confidence, a ten-question overview was led of existing workers to comprehend organization qualities just as regions for required improvement. Representatives were posed inquiries, for example, do your appreciate working at BIMS, are you paid reasonably, does the executives treat you well, and do you make the most of your allocated move (University of Phoenix Material, 2013) . As a 24-hour activity theory extend from representatives not working the occasions they need, to tending to worker pride in their work that joins reasonable treatment by administrative staff individuals and reasonable remuneration for administrations gave. Debbie Horner, the HR director liable for this study felt the issue was moved in representative inspiration and felt this was the region that required most improvement. Potential answers for this are motivation rivalries, move changes, and change in administrative way to deal with singular needs to raise worker self-esteem and fulfillment. Both quantitative and subjective information was gathered from the study. Utilizing the quantitative information the Human Resource Manager Debbie Horner suggested conversation starters that shifted from the numbers one through five. One was the most exceedingly terrible rating and five was the best. Using this information the human asset supervisor was empowered to increase an all the more clear point of view on how individuals felt about functioning for this association. She uses subjective information to find the sexual orientation of the members, what position they hold inside the organization and the time allotment that the individual has been utilized with the organization (University of Phoenix Material, 2013). The reason for existing is to get the general assessment of the members. The strategy for gathered information was through an overview that was stretched out to 449 of the company’s representatives. The BIMS review incorporates ten inquiries that are explicit to the inquiries that are in informative supplement A. From that point, follows with five inquiries that will help separate a portion of the socioeconomics of the appropriate responses from the initial ten inquiries. The factors and estimations that are being utilized are assisting with finding and distinguish why the representative confidence levels are so low. The main arrangement of inquiries has an answer go from one through five. This is an ordinal degree of estimation. The numbers are utilized as levels of significance, as opposed to answers. This variable additionally can be estimated by this scale so the degree of estimation is ordinal. Various degrees of estimation need to utilize diverse factual procedures (University of Phoenix Material, 2013). For questions A, C, and D the degree of estimation is ostensible. The request the inquiries are posed doesn't make a difference, and they qualify as subjective information. The inquiries pose for the representatives to portray and order themselves as chief, administrator, male, female and what division they work in. For question B the degree of estimation is proportion. The inquiry has a zero worth. The inquiry pose to what extent somebody has worked for BIMS. Since this inquiry can't deliver a negative answer, for the measure of time they have worked there the level utilized is proportion. The BIMS representative overview information is coded numerically on the ordinal, proportion, and ostensible levels. The information from Column one speaks to the 78 review members who are numbered from one to 78. In section two through 11 of the informational collection speaks to overview addresses one through 10. Every one of the members has been solicited to each respond to each from the inquiries with a one to five rating, one being sure and five being negative. The reactions from the study were recorded and put in lines and sections of the informational collection. On the off chance that the study member didn't address an inquiry, a zero is recorded (University of Phoenix Material, 2013). In the wake of exploring the information, mistakes have been found. There were sixes instead of the fives. Debbie Horner would include the information and rather than a five she was putting a six. The sixes must be changed. Be that as it may, Debbie didn't make a blunder in the coding of to what extent every worker has worked there; Debbie changed over the years into months. In this segment the six was right and didn't should be amended (University of Phoenix Material, 2013). The end that was made was with the all out staff rising to 452 specialists, there was just a 17. 3percent reaction rate. There were just 78 reactions out of 452. The resolve of the staff is low, and even with the worry the HR administrator appears in making the survey, the appropriate responses can't be decided by the reaction as a result of the low return rate given (University of Phoenix Material, 2013). On the off chance that there had been more representatives sufficiently concerned to offer their input, at that point this overview could be utilized in the examination. In any case, since very few partook, Team A feels this was uncertain. These answers are one-sided on the grounds that solitary 7 individuals worked in Maintenance. There were 36 replied by Food workers and 35 replied by Housekeeping. It is an uncalled for advantage and insufficient individuals addressed the overview (University of Phoenix Material, 2013). Determination Team An introduced the BIMS circumstance as a review issue, reason, look into questions, and theories. There was a depiction of the instrument utilized for information assortment for this paper. The paper recognized the quantitative and subjective information gathered and how the information was gathered. There was likewise recognizable proof fair and square of estimation for every one of the factors associated with the examination. The paper gave depiction of how the information is coded and assessed the method utilized. Group A cleaned the information by dispensing with the information input mistakes made.

Quiz What Citation Style Are You

Quiz What Citation Style Are You (0) Did you know there are more citation styles than just MLA and APA style? The citation style you use for your next paper could say a lot about your personality. Answer the questions below to see which citation style best reflects your qualities. .wq-quiz-18189 { --wq-question-width: 100%; --wq-question-color: #009cff; --wq-question-height: auto; --wq-bar-color: #00c479; --wq-font-color: #444; --wq-background-color: #ecf0f1; --wq-title-size: 20; } You have a paper coming up. Which of the following research paper topics do you select? What sets Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet apart from his other tragedies? How does stress affect the human body? Why is William the Conqueror considered to be a significant historical figure? Explain the decision in District of Columbia v. Heller and its lasting impact. What paper? It’s finally Friday and you want grab dinner with friends. What is your role in making plans? I provide restaurant recommendations to the group based on Yelp reviews and ratings. Duh. I end up setting the time and place, and arrive 15 minutes early. I let everyone else pick the place, and end up being 30 minutes late after showing up at the wrong restaurant (oops). I just ask for somewhere with great food presentation. I want good pics for my Instagram feed. I get the ball rolling by suggesting places where I know the menu is ethically sourced. Choose a color: Green Yellow Red Black Blue Pick one as your dream career: Netflix Show Critic Museum Curator Supreme Court Justice Research Scientist Fashion Magazine Editor Your paper is due in a month. When do you start writing? Today After I have taken out all of the books I need from the library. 3 hours before it’s due. Once I’ve thought of a great hook to get the reader’s attention. When I’ve gathered specific data points that support my ideas. In this list of famous personalities, who do you admire most? J.K. Rowling Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Winston Churchill Albert Einstein Garfield What is your favorite kind of pizza? Whatever can be delivered the fastest. With aged parmesan and sausage. Just plain cheese and sauce. With artisanal cheese and arugula. Veggie. You want someone to review your paper before you hand it in. Who do you ask? The professor who teaches the class. My friend who is a great writer. My mom. I ask a few different people and run it through an essay checker, then combine all the feedback. I don’t need anyone to review my paper. It’s perfect. Choose an animal: Bald eagle Great white shark Golden retriever Brown bear Iguana Which class would you be most interested in taking next semester? Constitutional Law Modern American Poetry Film Studies 101 Integrating Clinical Theory and Practice The Changing Landscape of Ancient Rome Citation Style MLA Style You got MLA! You love the art of language and expression. You are creative and philosophical, and enjoy reading and writing. You’re a word nerd! APA Style You got APA! Discovering new things and experimenting with different ideas is your favorite way to learn. You’re level-headed, and prefer to have facts to back up your opinions. You’re a Brainiac! Chicago Manual of Style You got Chicago style! Conducting research is your forte. You’re grounded and dependable, and your friends can always count on you for good advice. You make sure to learn from your mistakes, and treat them as a learning opportunity. Bluebook You got Bluebook! Organized is your middle name. You appreciate order and are a meticulous note-taker. No one has a better outline than you! Journal of Sleep Research You got Journal of Sleep Research! You’re a free-thinker who goes with the flow. You enjoy relaxing, and never rush into making a decision. “What will be will be” is your motto. Share your Results: Facebook Twitter VK Before you jump into that next paper, level up your grammar skills and visit our EasyBib grammar guides to learn about different parts of speech. Discover a list of determiners, answer the question “what is a preposition?”, learn how to use subordinating conjunctions, and more!

The Impact of Endotoxin on Respiratory Healthin Animal Farm Workers - Free Essay Example

Animal farms includes dairy farms, cattle farms, swine farms, concentrated feeding operations (CAFOs), etc. Over the past two decades, there is a growing trend of shifting from small scale family owned farms to large scale animal farms in both North America and globally.1 With the expansion of livestock production, there are also increasing concerns about the environment impact of agricultural production. One of such concerns is the impact of exposure to endotoxin to agricultural workers occupational health, especially respiratory health. Endotoxin is lipopolysaccharides that are part of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria. Workers in animal farms are exposed while working since there are high levels of endotoxin in animal fecal waste. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are 856,300 agricultural workers in US in 2016.2 And there is an even larger population of animal farm workers globally who are working in similar conditions. Therefore, endotoxin exposure in animal farms is a global occupational health issue. There are multiple stakeholders at play around this issue, including animal farm workers, farm owners and regulatory agencies. Animal farm workers are the ones at risk of being exposed to endotoxin and potentially suffering from both long-term and short-term health effects. However, many of the workers may not seek out resources and advocate for their own rights and health in fear of losing their jobs and income. Additionally, 27% of farm and 29% of animal slaughterhouse workers are undocumented immigrants, while only 5% of the general US workforce is made up of undocumented immigrants.3 These workers face additional challenges, such as language barriers and fear of deportation, if they try to advocate for their occupational health. Animal farm owners are mainly concerned with making maximum profit, and are not likely willing to implement waste treatment and management technologies in order to keep the cost as low as possible unless they are legally required to. This is why regulatory agencies, such as Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), need to step in to establish regulatory standards and guideline for endotoxin levels, and help protect the health of the large population of animal farm workers. Sources and routes of exposure: The source of containment is endotoxin is mainly present in the fecal waste from the animals. The primary route of exposure to exposure for workers is through the inhalation of airborne particles.4 Since this is an occupational exposure, the exposure depends to the type of tasks workers are performing and how long workers spend on different type of tasks. For workers who spend more time on shift performing tasks that involves more direct interaction with animal and closer interaction with fecal waste (for example, workers cleaning up animal facilities or transporting animal waste), they are more exposed compared to workers who spend less time and have more indirect interaction with animals and their fecal wastes. Toxicology: Exposure to endotoxin is related to respiratory diseases in animal farm workers, including both short term health effects such as chest tightness and inflammation, and chronic health effects such as chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (CO PD).5 In order to set effective standards and regulation on endotoxin in an occupational setting, it is important to establish a dose response relationship for the inhalation of endotoxin. In a controlled human exposure study (Michel, 1997), subjects were give endotoxins purified derivative, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at doses of 0.5, 5, and 50 ? µg (as well as saline for control) through inhalation.6 The inhalation of given doses of LPS produces inflammatory responses, at both systemic and bronchial levels. The inflammatory responses are evaluated by clinical symptoms, fever, FEV1, blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and both the blood and the urine concentrations of the C-reactive protein (CRP). Researchers found a significant increase in CRP and PMN levels after the administration of doses as low as 0.5 g of inhaled LPS healthy subjects. PMN and CRP level changes are indicative of a more acute immune response than clinical symptoms or lung function (FEV1) changes. This suggests that the no-response threshold is potentially lower than 0.5 g. (0.5 g corresponds to exposure less than 50 ng/m3 airborne LPS for a 10hr period.) Epidemiology: To evaluate the exposur e risks animal farm worker are experiencing, a few cross-sectional studies have been conducted in dairy farm workers, swine farm workers, etc. One cross-sectional study looked at the occupational exposure of endotoxin in workers from 13 California dairies farms.7 The mean personal exposure to endotoxin among 225 workers is found to be 453 EU/m3. EU stands for endotoxin unit, which is a measure of endotoxin activity. One EU is equal to 0.1 to 0.2 ng of endotoxin.8 The study also found that reported endotoxin concentration from ambient area sample are much lower than personal exposure concentrations at the same dairies. This provides important insight for regulatory agencies about how to monitor and regulate occupational exposure risk. The study also found that workers who has the highest personal exposure are workers who spent the longest time on the re-bedding of freestall barns. This also shows endotoxin exposure could vary from task to task, and depends on how much time workers spend on each task. Another cross-sectional study compared the exposure levels of 205 dairy workers to 45 vegetable processing workers (control group) in large scale California Dairies.9 In this study, researchers found that the average personal exposure was 329 EU/m3. This study also looked at the lung function and observed an acute decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) by 22mL per hour worked. FVC is the amount of air that can be exhaled out after taking the deepest breath possible measured by a spirometer, and is a reflection of lung function. Cross-sectional studies are useful for helping to understand the exposure risk throughout a large population of animal farm workers, as well as observing the acute respiratory health effects. However, even though there is a control group of vegetable workers, there are still potentially many variations between the different dairy farms, which makes it difficult to interpret the reported associations between exposure to endotoxin and decrease in lung function. Also, it is difficult to infer about long term health effects from cross-sectional studies. In addition to cross-sectional studies to measure the short-term health effects due to occupational exposure to endotoxin, cohort studies are also conducted to investigate the long-term respiratory health effects of endotoxin exposure. In one study conducted in the Netherlands, researchers closely followed 171 pig farm workers over the course of 3 years.10 Researches found by personal monitoring of these pig farm workers that the average long-term exposure to endotoxin was 105 ng/m3 (1050 EU/m3). Researchers also observed an annual decline of 73 ml/year in FEV1 and 55 ml/year in FVC, both of which are measurements of lung function. Researchers also significant association between the endotoxin exposure and the decline in FEV1 and FVC after adjusting for factors such as smoking patterns, age, and baseline levels for FEV1 and FVC. Compared to an annual decline of 29 ml/year in FEV1 in the greater population due to age, 73 ml/year is rather a significant decrease of lung function in ani mal farm workers.11 Therefore, endotoxin exposure has a long term negative impact on the respiratory health of animal farm workers, in addition to the acute health effects shown in cross-sectional studies. Risk Assessment and Management: From the analysis of toxicology and epidemiology studies, endotoxin is shown to have a negative impact on the respiratory health among animal farm workers, constituting a significant issue in occupational health. The high level of exposure to endotoxin in current working conditions for animal farm workers has been shown to trigger acute inflammatory responses in human subjects, and lead to decline in lung function over both short and long periods. Such high, unhealthy endotoxin levels may be partially due to current lack of regulation in US. Currently, there are no established occupational exposure limits (OELs) in the United States. There is a recommended OEL of 50 EU/m3 proposed and a temporary legal limit of 200 EU/m3 over a 8 hour shift in the Netherlands. Despite the lack of regulation in the Unites States, some animal farms have adopted alternative waste management and treatment technologies, which studies have shown are helpful at decreasing endotoxin levels. In one study conducted in North Carolina, researchers compared area sampling results of endotoxin concentrations between two swine farms using conventional lagoon-sprayfield technology and fifteen other swine farms that used alternative management systems for animal waste treatment. They found that five farms using alternative technologies, such as solids separation-filtramat separator and automated windrow composter, have significantly lower endotoxin levels compared to farms using traditional methods. Therefore, introducing and recommending alternative waste treatment technologies to animal farms would help mitigate this occupational health issue, despite the current lack of regulatory standards for endotoxin in the US. Recommendations and conclusions: In order to mitigate th is occupational health issue, setting regulations for occupational exposure levels in livestock farm is necessary. However, in order to establish to regulatory standards, more research needs to be done on minimizing the variation between different studies. One study in 2015 found that there is significant variation among the results of endotoxin levels of the same samples measured by different laboratories.14 The differences could be contributed to variation in sample collection (filter type, sampling procedure), sample analysis (extraction temperature, extraction solvents, assay type, endotoxin standards) and differences in reporting units (EU, ng). The Netherlands OELs are measure using the European occupational standard sampling procedures by the European Committee for Standardization, but they have not been adopted by the United States for endotoxin sampling. Therefore, standardization between different labs needs to be established before comparing different study results and pr oposing appropriate occupational exposure limits. Also, there is currently little communication to the animal farm workers about the risk of endotoxin exposure that could be found. In additional to setting up regulatory standards, it also important to develop educational material that provides information and resources for workers to learn more about the endotoxins health hazard and ways to minimize exposure during work and brining exposure back home. In conclusion, currently a large population of animal farm workers are exposed to high levels of endotoxin, which have shown to have negative impact on their respiratory health, both acutely and chronically. Setting occupational exposure limits for endotoxin in animal farms is recommended. Further research is needed to standardize different laboratory methods for measuring endotoxin levels in order to compare previous study results, and more studies are also needed to develop standard sampling procedure for regulating occupational endotoxin exposure. Additionally, education resources a nd information about endotoxin, its health hazard and how to minimize exposure, should also be provided to workers.